UCN-CEAZA
Identification of self-reported user behavior, education level, and preferences to reduce littering on beaches – A survey from the SE Pacific.
Eastman, L., Núñez, P., Crettier, B., & Thiel, M.
Beach litter is an environmental, health, and economic burden around the world. Reducing or eliminating beach litter requires a sound understanding of the beach users that often produce the litter. Education has consistently been promulgated as positively influencing environmental behaviors, though this is not well-investigated for the beach environment. In this citizen science project, school children surveyed the population in their various coastal communities in Chile, garnering over 900 responses nationwide. The survey included several domains concerning the problem of beach litter: demographic profiles of beach users (including education level), their littering behavior, and their disposition and preference towards solutions. Nearly half of the participants admitted to having littered in some way while the majority of those with college or graduate school education said they never litter, significantly more than lower education groups. A vast majority of the population endorsed a fine for beach littering. Community-level environmental education (for the entire population, including litterers) was the most common solution proposed by beach users, but was significantly less popular the more often the participant self-reported littering. Based on these results it is suggested that beach managers create multifaceted and localized solutions that involve several strategies (environmental education, fines, more trash cans) and also take into account the demographic profile of the beach users (including their education level), which could influence their littering behavior and support of potential solutions.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves:
Referencia APA: Eastman, L., Núñez, P., Crettier, B., & Thiel, M. (2013). Identification of self-reported user behavior, education level, and preferences to reduce littering on beaches – A survey from the SE Pacific. Ocean & Coastal Management, 78, 18-24
Isolation with differentiation followed by expansion with admixture in the tunicate Pyura chilensis.
Haye, P. & Muñoz-Herrera, N.
For Pyura chilensis, partial sequences of the gene COI revealed three highly supported haplogroups that diverged 260000 to 470000 years ago. Two haplogroups currently are widely distributed and sympatric, while one is dominant only in Los Molinos (LM, 39°50′S). The two widespread COI haplogroups underwent a geographic expansion during an interglacial period of the Late Pleistocene ca. 100000 years ago. The nuclear gene was less divergent and did not resolve the COI haplogroups. Bayesian clustering of the nuclear gene’s SNPs revealed that individuals from the two widespread COI haplogroups were mostly assigned to two of the three detected clusters and had a marked degree of admixture. The third cluster predominated in LM and showed low admixture. Haplotypic diversity of both genes was very high, there was no isolation by distance, and most localities were genetically undifferentiated; only LM was consistently differentiated with both genes analyzed.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves: Phylogeography, Genetic structure, Dispersal potential, Short-lived larvae, Connectivity, Biofouling, COI, Elongation Factor 1 alpha.
Referencia APA: Haye, P. & Muñoz-Herrera, N. (2013). Isolation with differentiation followed by expansion with admixture in the tunicate Pyura chilensis. BMC Evol Biol, 13(1), 252.
Sea urchin Tetrapygus niger distribution on elevated surfaces represents a strategy for avoiding predatory sea stars
Urriago, J., Himmelman, J., & Gaymer, C.
We ran field experiments to examine whether the micro-distribution of the sea urchin Tetrapygus niger on elevated surfaces represents a strategy for limiting predation by the sea stars Heliaster helianthus and Meyenaster gelatinosus. Several lines of evidence supported this hypothesis. (1) A survey of the distribution of the urchin and the 2 sea stars showed that urchins occur mainly on elevated surfaces, and sea stars on low surfaces. (2) In trials involving simulated attacks, the time needed by the urchin to sever contact with the sea stars was 48% less on elevated surfaces than on the bottom. (3) In trials involving sustained simulated attacks (high predatory risk) the urchins could detach themselves from the elevated surfaces to avoid being eaten. Finally, tethering experiments indicated that the urchin had a higher survival rate on elevated than low surfaces. Our observations indicate that M. gelatinosus represents a stronger predatory threat to T. niger than H. helianthus.
Año: 2012
Palabras claves: Tetrapygus niger · Heliaster helianthus · Meyenaster gelatinosus · Predator−prey interactions · Aggregation · Distribution · Tethering
Referencia APA: Urriago, J., Himmelman, J., & Gaymer, C. (2012). Sea urchin Tetrapygus niger distribution on elevated surfaces represents a strategy for avoiding predatory sea stars. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 444, 85-95.
Effects of patch size and position above the substratum during early succession of subtidal soft-bottom communities.
Pacheco, A., Thiel, M., Oliva, M., & Riascos, J.
Early macrobenthos succession in small, disturbed patches on subtidal soft bottoms is facilitated by the arrival of post-larval colonizers, in particular by active and passive dispersers along the seafloor or through the water column. Using a field experiment at two contrasting sites (protected vs. exposed to wave action), we evaluated the role of (a) active and passive dispersal through the water column and (b) the influence of small-scale spatial variability during succession of subtidal macrobenthic communities in northern Chile. Containers of two sizes (surface area: small—0.12 m2 and large—0.28 m2) at two positions above the natural substratum (height: low—3 cm and high—26 cm) were filled with defaunated sediment, installed at two sandy sublittoral sites (7–9 m water depth) and sampled after 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days, together with the natural bottom sediment. The experiment took place during austral fall (from late March to early July 2010), when both larval and post-larval stages are abundant. At the exposed site, early succession was driven by similar proportions of active and passive dispersers. A sequence from early, late and reference communities was also evident, but container position and size affected the proportional abundance of dispersal types. At the protected site, the successional process started with abundant colonization of active dispersers, but toward the end of the experiment, the proportion of swimmer/crawlers increased, thus resembling the dispersal types found in the natural community. At this site, the position above the sediment affected the proportional abundance of dispersal types, but patch size had no effect. This study highlights that macrobenthic post-larvae can reach at least 26 cm high above the bottom (actively or passively, depending on site exposure), thus playing an important role during early succession of sublittoral soft bottoms. The active or passive use of the sediment–water interphase may also play an important role in the connectivity of benthic populations and in the recovery after large-scale disturbances of sublittoral habitats.
Año: 2012
Palabras claves: Colonization, Disturbance, Macrobenthos, Size effects, Recruitment, Active and passive dispersal, Humboldt, Current, System.
Referencia APA: Pacheco, A., Thiel, M., Oliva, M., & Riascos, J. (2012). Effects of patch size and position above the substratum during early succession of subtidal soft-bottom communities. Helgoland Marine Research, 66(4), 523-536.
Effects of predation and habitat structure on the abundance and population structure of the rock shrimp Rhynchocinetes typus (Caridea) on temperate rocky reefs.
Ory, N., Dudgeon, D., Dumont, C., Miranda, L., & Thiel, M.
Human disturbances, such as overfishing, may disrupt predator–prey interactions and modify food webs. Underwater surveys were carried out at six shallow-water reef barrens in temperate waters of northern-central Chile from October to December 2010 to describe the effects of predation, habitat complexity (low, medium and high) and refuge availability on the abundance and population structure of the rock shrimp Rhynchocinetes typus (Rhynchocinetidae), an important mesoconsumer on subtidal hard substrata. Three sites were within managed (restricted access) areas for fishermen, and three were unmanaged (open-access). Field observations and tethering experiments were conducted to examine the relationship between fish and shrimp abundances, and the relative predation rates on shrimps. Direct effects of predation on R. typus body-size distribution were examined from shrimps collected in the field and fish stomachs. The presence and the abundance of R. typus increased with habitat reef complexity and refuge availability. Shrimp abundance was negatively related to fish abundance in managed areas, but not in open-access areas, where shrimp densities were the highest. Also, predation rates and body-size distribution of shrimps were unrelated, although fish consumed more large shrimps than should be expected from their distribution in the field. R. typus occurred most often in shelters with wide openings, offering limited protection against predators, but providing potential aggregation sites for shrimps. Overall, direct effects of predation on shrimp densities and population structure were weak, but indirect effects on shrimp distribution within reefs appear to have been mediated through behavioural responses. Our study highlights the need to assess both numerical and behavioural responses of prey to determine the effects of predator loss on mesoconsumer populations.
Año: 2012
Palabras claves:
Referencia APA: Ory, N., Dudgeon, D., Dumont, C., Miranda, L., & Thiel, M. (2012). Effects of predation and habitat structure on the abundance and population structure of the rock shrimp Rhynchocinetes typus (Caridea) on temperate rocky reefs. Marine Biology, 159(9), 2075-2089.
Floating kelps in Patagonian Fjords: an important vehicle for rafting invertebrates and its relevance for biogeography.
Wichmann, C., Hinojosa, I., & Thiel, M.
Floating macroalgae are common dispersal vehicles for associated benthic invertebrates. In order to investigate the importance of kelp rafts for species dispersal in the Patagonian Fjord Region (PFR), the abundance and distribution pattern of floating kelps (Macrocystis pyrifera, Durvillaea antarctica) and of the invertebrate fauna associated with M. pyrifera were evaluated during austral spring of 2002–2005, 2008 and 2010. In the southernmost Magellan Region (MR), benthic M. pyrifera were additionally sampled to compare the community structures in both conditions. Floating kelps were abundant throughout the entire PFR, harbouring a diverse and abundant invertebrate fauna. The density of floating kelps increased towards the south. In the MR, a loss of species was observed between benthic and floating condition (e.g. decapods, echinoderms, several peracarid species), but a high diversity of organisms from all major phyla were observed on rafts. Throughout the PFR, the predominant rafting species belonged to the peracarids, molluscs and annelids, but the community composition differed between floating samples from the northern and southern zones of the PFR. Relative abundances of peracarids were higher in northern zones, whereas molluscs and annelids dominated in the southern areas. Species of the peracarid genera Peramphithoe, Gondogeneia, Bircenna and Limnoria were shared between all areas. The results suggest that kelp rafts not only contribute to local population connectivity in the PFR, but could also be an important dispersal vehicle for rafting species along the PFR in north–south direction, crossing the biogeographic boundary around Taitao Peninsula. Furthermore, the MR appears to be an important stepping stone for species dispersal via kelp rafting in the subantarctic region.
Año: 2012
Palabras claves:
Referencia APA: Wichmann, C., Hinojosa, I., & Thiel, M. (2012). Floating kelps in Patagonian Fjords: an important vehicle for rafting invertebrates and its relevance for biogeography. Marine Biology, 159(9), 2035-2049.
Reproductive biology of two species of squat lobsters – female receptivity and interbrood intervals.
Espinoza-Fuenzalida, N., Acuña, E., Hinojosa, I., & Thiel, M.
The reproductive biology of many species of anomuran crabs is only poorly known. Herein we studied the reproductive biology of two species of squat lobsters, Cervimunida johni Porter, 1903 and Pleuroncodes monodon (H. Milne Edwards, 1837), which are target of a trawl fishery operating on the continental margin along the Chilean coast. During the reproductive period (May-November) we maintained squat lobsters in the laboratory to examine whether mating is related to the reproductive molt of the female and to determine the interbrood interval between successive broods. In both species females mated during the intermolt period. Females became receptive shortly after having released larvae from a previous brood, when they formed pairs with males. The interbrood interval (from larval release until having a subsequent brood) lasted <72<72 hour in the majority of female C. johni, but was longer in P. monodon, where most females took 72-144 hours before producing a new brood. Despite longer interbrood intervals, copulatory mate-guarding was substantially shorter in P. monodon than in C. johni. These differences in reproductive behavior might be due to differences in the general biology of the two species, including mobility and intraspecific aggression. Mating during the intermolt period may have several advantages, namely reducing the risk of cannibalism and energy costs of molting during the reproductive season.
Año: 2012
Palabras claves: female receptivity, mating, reproduction, squat lobsters, trawl fishery.
Referencia APA: Espinoza-Fuenzalida, N., Acuña, E., Hinojosa, I., & Thiel, M. (2012). Reproductive biology of two species of squat lobsters – female receptivity and interbrood intervals. Journal Of Crustacean Biology, 32(4), 565-574
Microplastics in the Marine Environment: A Review of the Methods Used for Identification and Quantification.
Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R., & Thiel, M.
This review of 68 studies compares the methodologies used for the identification and quantification of microplastics from the marine environment. Three main sampling strategies were identified: selective, volume-reduced, and bulk sampling. Most sediment samples came from sandy beaches at the high tide line, and most seawater samples were taken at the sea surface using neuston nets. Four steps were distinguished during sample processing: density separation, filtration, sieving, and visual sorting of microplastics. Visual sorting was one of the most commonly used methods for the identification of microplastics (using type, shape, degradation stage, and color as criteria). Chemical and physical characteristics (e.g., specific density) were also used. The most reliable method to identify the chemical composition of microplastics is by infrared spectroscopy. Most studies reported that plastic fragments were polyethylene and polypropylene polymers. Units commonly used for abundance estimates are “items per m2” for sediment and sea surface studies and “items per m3” for water column studies. Mesh size of sieves and filters used during sampling or sample processing influence abundance estimates. Most studies reported two main size ranges of microplastics: (i) 500 μm–5 mm, which are retained by a 500 μm sieve/net, and (ii) 1–500 μm, or fractions thereof that are retained on filters. We recommend that future programs of monitoring continue to distinguish these size fractions, but we suggest standardized sampling procedures which allow the spatiotemporal comparison of microplastic abundance across marine environments.
Año: 2012
Palabras claves:
Referencia APA: Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R., & Thiel, M. (2012). Microplastics in the Marine Environment: A Review of the Methods Used for Identification and Quantification. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(6), 3060-3075.
Genetic signatures of rafting dispersal in algal-dwelling brooders Limnoria spp. (Isopoda) along the SE Pacific (Chile).
Haye, P., Varela, A., & Thiel, M.
ABSTRACT: Brooding marine isopods of the genus Limnoria inhabit and feed on kelp holdfasts and wood. These substrata have high floating potential, making these species ideal organisms to study the effects of rafting-mediated connectivity on the population structure of brooders living on rafting substrata. It is hypothesized that rafting leaves particular genetic signatures such as low differentiation among distant local populations and absence of isolation by distance (IBD) at a macro-geographic scale (thousands of km). Using cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences, we tested the effects of rafting-mediated gene flow with respect to genetic differentiation on L. quadripunctata (from wood and also the holdfasts of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera) and L. chilensis (mainly from the bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica) sampled across 2400 km of the Chilean coast. Analyses of COI data for both species indicated low differentiation between distant locations along the Chilean coast and lack of IBD, bearing the expected genetic signatures of rafting dispersal. Phylogenetic analyses were performed with COI and the nuclear gene 28S to place the genetic diversity of Chilean Limnoria spp. into a wider geographical context. Both markers revealed that L. quadripunctata from Chile is a sister clade to other Limnoria spp. analyzed (L. chilensis, L. segnis, and L. stephenseni), which mainly inhabit D. antarctica. L. chilensis from Chile and subantarctic islands form a tight monophyletic group. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses show that along the studied area, L. quadripunctata and L. chilensis have the genetic signatures of relatively recent or ongoing rafting.
Año: 2012
Palabras claves: Peracarids, Rafting, Biogeography, Mitochondrial DNA, COI, 28S, Phylogeny, Phylogeography
Referencia APA: Haye, P., Varela, A., & Thiel, M. (2012). Genetic signatures of rafting dispersal in algal-dwelling brooders Limnoria spp. (Isopoda) along the SE Pacific (Chile). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 455, 111-122.
Herbivorous amphipods inhabit protective microhabitats within thalli of giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera.
Gutow, L., Long, J., Cerda, O., Hinojosa, I., Rothäusler, E., Tala, F., & Thiel, M.
Many small marine herbivores utilize specific algal hosts, but the ultimate factors that shape host selection are not well understood. For example, the use of particular microhabitats within algal hosts and the functional role of these microhabitats have received little attention, especially in large algae such as kelps. We studied microhabitat use of the herbivorous amphipod Peramphithoe femorata that inhabits nest-like domiciles on the blades of giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera. The vertical position of nest-bearing blades along the stipe of the algal thallus and the position of the nests within the lateral blades of M. pyrifera were surveyed in two kelp forests in northern-central Chile. Additionally, we conducted laboratory and field experiments to unravel the mechanisms driving the observed distributions. Peramphithoe femorata nests were predominantly built on the distal blade tips in apical sections of the stipes. Within-blade and within-stipe feeding preferences of P. femorata did not explain the amphipod distribution. Amphipods did not consistently select distal over proximal blade sections in habitat choice experiments. Mortality of tethered amphipods without nests was higher at the seafloor than at the sea surface in the field. Nests mitigated mortality of tethered amphipods, especially at the seafloor. Thus, protective microhabitats within thalli of large kelp species can substantially enhance survival of small marine herbivores. Our results suggest that differential survival from predation might be more important than food preferences in determining the microhabitat distribution of these herbivores.
Año: 2012
Palabras claves:
Referencia APA: Gutow, L., Long, J., Cerda, O., Hinojosa, I., Rothäusler, E., Tala, F., & Thiel, M. (2012). Herbivorous amphipods inhabit protective microhabitats within thalli of giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera. Marine Biology, 159(1), 141-149.
Gene expression analysis in Mytilus chilensis populations reveals local patterns associated with ocean environmental conditions.
Núñez-Acuña, G., Tapia, F., Haye, P., & Gallardo-Escárate, C.
Marine ecosystems involve relationships between genomic interactions of marine populations with shared biogeographic ranges and the environmental conditions. These relationships, studied mainly through neutral DNA markers, are not always consistent with actual biogeographic patterns or the evolutionary history of marine species. In addition, increased information at functional genomic level from non-model species allows the study of adaptive responses in marine populations. This work reports local transcriptomic patterns in populations of the mussel Mytilus chilensis and their correspondence with oceanographic variability in southern Chile. Analysis of gene expression patterns was conducted through qPCR of seven candidate genes involved in the response to environmental stress (HSP70, HSP90), iron metabolism (Ferritin), pathogens (Mytilin B, Defensin) and oxidative stress (SOD-CuZn, Catalase) in at five study sites located in southern Chile, from Valdivia (39°56′S–73°36′W) to Melinka (43°52′S–73°44′W). Multivariate and correlation analyses were used to assess the relationship between levels of individual gene expression and site features characterized using satellite data on surface temperature, chlorophyll concentration and total suspended sediments. Two main groups of sites with differential patterns of gene expression were identified. Individuals exposed to higher temperatures showed an overexpression of HSP70, HSP90 and Ferritin genes. The expression of SOD-CuZn and Catalase was correlated with local chlorophyll-a (i.e. food availability for mussels), although with opposite correlations. In addition, Mytilin B showed higher levels of expression in areas with higher freshwater influence. Patterns of gene expression across the region of interest suggest that spatial variability in environmental conditions induce phenotypic changes in different populations of the same mussel species. In addition, the analysis of expression patterns in candidate genes can reveal local patterns in populations where other molecular markers show no genetic structure.
Año: 2012
Palabras claves: Gene expression; Mytilus chilensis; Adaptative response; Environmental stress; Thermal tolerance; Sea surface temperature
Referencia APA: Núñez-Acuña, G., Tapia, F., Haye, P., & Gallardo-Escárate, C. (2012). Gene expression analysis in Mytilus chilensis populations reveals local patterns associated with ocean environmental conditions. Journal Of Experimental Marine Biology And Ecology, 420-421, 56-64.
Testing sustainable management in Northern Chile: harvesting Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales). A case study.
Borras-Chavez, R., Edwards, M., & Vásquez, J.
Kelp harvesting in northern Chile is managed by local fishermen and is part of an organized industry. However, the lack of standardized harvesting protocols has made regulation difficult. This, in combination with the impacts of oceanographic disturbances has resulted in some kelp populations being considerably reduced during the last decade. Consequently, harvest methods that maintain kelp resources are sorely needed if harvesting is to remain a viable industry in Chile. Here, experiments were done to identify sustainable methods for harvesting Macrocystis pyrifera along the coast of northern Chile. Three methods were compared with regard to their impacts on kelp populations; one that involves extracting half of the fronds from each individual in a population, one that involves extracting all the fronds from half of the individuals in a population, and a third that involves extracting all the fronds from all of the individuals in a population (i.e., the method currently used). Following this, populations were evaluated over a 2-month period to monitor re-growth of the remaining individuals and recruitment of new individuals, as well as changes in understory algal diversity and herbivore abundance. Our results indicate that removing half of the fronds from each individual in a population was the best method for maintaining the resource for future harvest because, it (1) maintains rapid growth of new fronds on the harvested individuals, (2) promotes recruitment of new individuals, and (3) reduces herbivore densities through physical abrasion. Consequently, this method is recommended for future harvesting of M. pyrifera in Northern Chile.
Año: 2012
Palabras claves: EcologyKelp, harvesting, Macrocystis, Phaeophyta, Sustainability
Referencia APA: Borras-Chavez, R., Edwards, M., & Vásquez, J. (2012). Testing sustainable management in Northern Chile: harvesting Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales). A case study. J Appl Phycol, 24(6), 1655-1665.