CEAZA
Variabilidad ambiental y recursos pesqueros en el Pacifico suroriental: estado de la investigacion y desafios para el manejo pesquero.
Parada, C., Yannicelli, B., Hormazabal, S., Vasquez, S., Porobic, J., & Ernst, B. et al.
Las fluctuaciones en abundancia, biomasa, estructura de edad y patrones de distribución de los recursos pesqueros responden, entre otros, a la variabilidad ambiental. Estas respuestas son consecuencia tanto de efectos climáticos directos sobre los recursos como indirectos actuando sobre niveles tróficos relacionados. En este estudio se revisa: i) el estado del conocimiento de los mecanismos físicos asociados a la variabilidad océano-atmósfera y las escalas de variabilidad espaciales y temporales del ambiente y la relación con recursos marinos, basados en datos observacionales y modelos hidrodinámicos, ii) la relación ambiente-recurso para pesquerías pelágicas, demersales y bentónicas, y el uso de modelos biofísicos para entender estas relaciones, iii) manejo actual de recursos pelágicos, demersales y bentónicos y los alcances en relación al uso de variables ambientales, y iv) se discuten los desafíos hacia la asesoría en relación a las estrategias para mejorar la comprensión de la relación ambiente-recurso, así como, las estrategias para incorporar la modelación biofísica y variables ambientales en modelos operacionales para la asesoría hacia el manejo.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves: Variabilidad ambiental, sistemas de surgencia, recursos pesqueros, modelación biofísica, dinámica poblacional, modelos operacionales para el manejo pesquero, Pacífico suroriental, Chile.
Referencia APA: Parada, C., Yannicelli, B., Hormazabal, S., Vasquez, S., Porobic, J., & Ernst, B. et al. (2013). Variabilidad ambiental y recursos pesqueros en el Pacifico suroriental: estado de la investigacion y desafios para el manejo pesquero. Latin American Journal Of Aquatic Research, 41(1), 1-28.
Differential effects of grazer species on periphyton of a temperate rocky shore.
Aguilera, M., Navarrete, S., & Broitman, B.
Species-specific traits are relevant to understand variation in the effect of grazers on primary producers and are critical in determining their functional roles as controllers of productivity in marine ecosystems. In intertidal habitats, periphyton, composed of bacteria, cyanophytes, microalgae and early stages of macroalgae, constitutes the main food for many benthic grazers. Using field experiments, we examined the overall effect of grazers and the importance of direct and indirect effects of different grazer species on periphyton composition, richness, diversity and productivity. We manipulated the main grazer species present along Chilean rocky shores, enclosing adult individuals of the keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa, the chiton Chiton granosus, the scurrinid limpet Scurria araucana and the pulmonate limpet Siphonaria lessoni. These organisms overlap broadly in diet but exhibit differences in foraging behavior. Differences in the individual effects of grazer species on periphyton productivity, as well as on richness and diversity characterized the assemblage. C. granosus grazing led to lower periphyton productivity, richness and diversity compared with all other grazers, who had positive effects for all variables. Richness and diversity of the major periphyton groups were maximal at intermediate levels of total grazing pressure, highlighting the importance of ecological interactions within the periphyton assemblage. Our results demonstrate the complexity of functional roles and relationships of grazers involved in the control of composition and production of the periphyton assemblage. Given the importance of direct and indirect effects of grazers, understanding species interactions within the microbenthic community can shed light on the mechanisms through which herbivores modify community structure and productivity.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves: Grazer assemblage, Periphyton, Productivity, Diversity, Foraging behavior.
Referencia APA: Aguilera, M., Navarrete, S., & Broitman, B. (2013). Differential effects of grazer species on periphyton of a temperate rocky shore. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 484, 63-78.
Environmental and climatic changes in Central Chilean Patagonia since the Late Glacial (Mallín El Embudo, 44° S).
de Porras, M., Maldonado, A., Quintana, F., Martel-Cea, A., Reyes, O., & Méndez, C.
Multi-millennial environmental and climatic changes in central Chilean Patagonia (44–49° S) during the Last Glacial–Interglacial cycle have been of particular interest as changes in the position and strength of the southern westerlies are the major forcing factor conditioning the environmental dynamics. Recent attempts to reconstruct regional environmental and climatic signals from central Chilean Patagonia reveal some discrepancies and unclear issues among the records. This paper presents the 13 ka pollen and charcoal records from Mallín El Embudo (44° 40' S, 71° 42' W) located in the deciduous Nothofagus forest in the middle Río Cisnes valley. The paper aims to (1) establish the timing and magnitude of local vegetation changes and fire activity since the Late Glacial and (2) integrate these results at the regional scale in order to discuss the discrepancies and depict the environmental and climatic dynamics in central Chilean Patagonia since the Late Glacial. Open landscapes dominated by grasses associated with scattered Nothofagus forest patches dominated the middle Río Cisnes valley between 13 and 11.2 ka suggesting low effective moisture but also indicating that landscape configuration after glacial retreat was still ongoing. At 11.2 ka, the sudden development of an open and quite dynamic Nothofagus forest probably associated with the synchronous high fire activity occurred, suggesting a rise in effective moisture associated with dry summers. Since 9.5 ka, the record reflects the presence of a closed Nothofagus forest related to higher effective moisture conditions than before combined with moderate dry summers that may have triggered a high frequency of low-magnitude crown fires that did not severely affect the forest. The forest experienced a slight canopy opening after 5.7 ka, probably due to slightly drier conditions than before followed by a sudden change to open forest conditions around 4.2 ka associated with fire and volcanic disturbances. Around 2 ka, the recovery of a closed Nothofagus forest related to slightly wetter conditions (similar to present) occurred and persisted under highly variable climatic conditions up to 0.1 ka when massive forest burning and logging due to European settlements occurred. Central Chilean Patagonian climatic and environmental changes at millennial–centennial timescales since the Late Glacial were driven by changes in the southern westerlies latitudinal position and/or intensity, but during the late Holocene fire, volcanism and humans arose as forces contributing to environmental dynamics.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves:
Referencia APA: de Porras, M., Maldonado, A., Quintana, F., Martel-Cea, A., Reyes, O., & Méndez, C. (2013). Environmental and climatic changes in Central Chilean Patagonia since the Late Glacial (Mallín El Embudo, 44° S). Clim. Past Discuss., 9(5), 5747-5784.
Hydrochemical and isotopic patterns in a calc-alkaline Cu- and Au-rich arid Andean basin: The Elqui River watershed, North Central Chile.
Oyarzún, J., Carvajal, M., Maturana, H., Núñez, J., Kretschmer, N., & Amezaga, Röttingd, T.S., Strauche, G., Thynef, G., Oyarzún,R.
The geochemistry of surface water and groundwater from the Elqui River basin, North-Central Chile, was studied in spring 2007 and fall 2008 to obtain a general understanding of the factors and mechanisms controlling the water chemistry of steep rivers located in mineral-rich, arid to semi arid zones. Besides its uniform intermediate igneous lithology, this basin is known for acid drainage and high As contents in the El Indio Au–Cu–As district, in its Andean head. Abundant tailings deposits are present in the middle part of the basin, where agricultural activities are important. According to the results, the chemical and isotopic composition of the Elqui basin surface water and groundwater is related to uniform calc-alkaline lithology and the major polluting system of the chemically reactive, but closed El Indio mining district. The resulting compositional imprints in surface and ground-water are, (a) high SO4 levels, reaching about 1000 mg/L in the Toro River water, directly draining the mining area; (b) a major depletion of Fe and pollutant metals in surface water after the confluence of the Toro and La Laguna rivers; (c) similar chemical composition of surface and ground-waters that differ in H and O isotopic composition, reflecting the effect of differential evaporation processes downstream of the Puclaro dam; and (d) seasonal variations of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in surface water. In contrast, the groundwater chemistry exhibits moderate seasonal changes, mainly in View the MathML source content. In spite of the acid drainage pollution, water quality is adequate for human consumption and irrigation. This is a consequence of both the dominant calc-alkaline lithology and the existing arid climate, resulting in neutral to moderately alkaline pH values that are responsible for the precipitation of metal hydroxides and As sorption by Fe(OH)3.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves:
Referencia APA: Oyarzún, J., Carvajal, M., Maturana, H., Núñez, J., Kretschmer, N., & Amezaga, Röttingd, T.S., Strauche, G., Thynef, G., Oyarzún, R. (2013). Hydrochemical and isotopic patterns in a calc-alkaline Cu- and Au-rich arid Andean basin: The Elqui River watershed, North Central Chile. Applied Geochemistry, 33, 50-63.
Metabolic responses of the squat lobster (Pleuroncodes monodon) larvae to low oxygen concentration.
Yannicelli, B., Paschke, K., González, R., & Castro, L.
Squat lobster populations found in the Humboldt Current System over the continental shelf from ~28 to 37°S release pelagic larvae in sub-surface cold (~11 °C) hypoxic waters. Larvae subsequently spread throughout the water column encountering both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. We analyzed some short- and long-term responses of Pleuroncodes monodon larval metabolism to hypoxia at 11 °C. Routine and postprandial aerobic respiration rates were lower in hypoxia than in normoxia for all zoeal stages. Zoea V oxyconformed, while megalopae oxyregulated down to very low oxygen concentrations. Throughout zoea I development, the rate of nitrogen (protein) accumulation in zoea I was lower, and C:N ratios were higher under hypoxic conditions than in normoxia. Citrate synthase (CS) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) apparent specific activities (as indicators of aerobic and metabolic potentials, respectively) decreased and remained at the same level, respectively, throughout zoea I reared under hypoxic conditions. Anaerobic to aerobic potential (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)/CS) was higher in organisms reared under hypoxia, and MDH/LDH potential ratios were characteristic of organisms tolerant to hypoxia. In spite of P. monodon zoea endurance and metabolic adaptations to decreasing oxygen tensions, intense hypoxia as such of their release site would affect their overall condition especially toward the end of the molt cycle. Our results indicate the importance of considering the interaction between environmental oxygen variability and recruitment success.
Communicated by H.-O. Portner.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves:
Referencia APA: Yannicelli, B., Paschke, K., González, R., & Castro, L. (2013). Metabolic responses of the squat lobster (Pleuroncodes monodon) larvae to low oxygen concentration. Marine Biology, 160(4), 961-976
Spatial niche differentiation and coexistence at the edge: co-occurrence distribution patterns in Scurria limpets.
Aguilera, M., Valdivia, N., & Broitman, B.
Examining the co-occurrence of taxonomically similar species can provide important information about their niches and coexistence. Segregation at smaller scales can be especially relevant for grazers living at the edge of their geographic distribution, because environmental factors can lead to similar distribution. Related grazer species may show dispersive, i.e. uniform, distribution at small scales (few centimetres) to reduce interference among individuals. We examined intra- and interspecific spatial distribution and habitat use in 2 phylogenetically related intertidal limpets, Scurria viridula and S. zebrina, at the polar and equatorial edge of their geographic distribution, respectively, and in S. araucana, a widely distributed species that overlaps the range of the other 2 species across the southeastern Pacific. S. viridula and S. zebrina overlapped in a narrow geographic zone (ca. 250 km) and reached relatively similar densities and sizes. Intraspecific spatial structure estimated through autocorrelation and individual-to-individual distances was random for S. viridula and variable for S. zebrina and S. araucana, depending on the scale considered; S. zebrina was aggregated at the individual-to-individual distances, while S. araucana was mostly random at this scale. Segregated distribution between S. viridula and S. zebrina was observed at the finer scale, whereas the association with S. araucana was random. Abundance of limpets loosely followed major habitats, namely bare rock and the alga Mazzaella laminarioides, which showed patchy distributions. We suggests that similarity in population traits between S. viridula and S. zebrina found in the overlap zone may be compensated by small-scale spatial segregation. Thus, at the edge of their geographic distribution, coexistence between related species may be influenced by spatial niche differentiation driven by habitat suitability or competition.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves: Coexistence, Geographic edge, Grazers, Habitat type, Niche partitioning, Nearest neighbour, Spatial autocorrelation.
Referencia APA: Aguilera, M., Valdivia, N., & Broitman, B. (2013). Spatial niche differentiation and coexistence at the edge: co-occurrence distribution patterns in Scurria limpets. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 483, 185-198.
Condiciones paleovegetacionales y asentamientos humanos durante el formativo temprano: análisis de polen del sitio Tulán-85 (1.530/1.260-460/420 años cal. a.c.), cuenca del Salar de Atacama.
González-Silvestre, L., Maldonado, A., Núñez, L., Cartajena, I., Carrasco, C., & de Souza, P.
Se presenta el análisis polínico obtenido de una columna estratigráfica que cubre toda la secuencia ocupacional del asentamiento formativo temprano Tulán-85 localizado al sureste del salar de Atacama fechado entre los 1.530-1.260 a 460-420 cal. a.C. Se concluye que es posible diferenciar mediante el polen actual tres pisos altitudinales de vegetación, al tanto que la comparación de las muestras fósiles con aquellas actuales sugieren condiciones de mayor humedad en la base de la secuencia, al comienzo de la fase Tilocalar (1.530-1.260 cal. a.C.). En los niveles medios comienzan los eventos áridos, identificándose al final de la columna los mayores indicadores de aridez. Los antecedentes paleoclimáticos de la alta puna señalan que las ocupaciones pastoralistas de la fase Tilocalar son sincrónicas con el establecimiento de condiciones más húmedas, lo que es concordante con los resultados del análisis polínico. Estas habrían repercutido favorablemente en las ocupaciones pastoralistas en los pisos inferiores. Es importante destacar la identificación de eventos de aridez hacia el final de la ocupación, los que no habían sido descritos con anterioridad para el área de estudio.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves: Formativo Temprano, polen fósil, condiciones húmedas, eventos áridos, salar de Atacama.
Referencia APA: González-Silvestre, L., Maldonado, A., Núñez, L., Cartajena, I., Carrasco, C., & de Souza, P. (2013). Condiciones paleovegetacionales y asentamientos humanos durante el formativo temprano: análisis de polen del sitio Tulán-85 (1.530/1.260-460/420 años cal. a.c.), cuenca del Salar de Atacama. Chungará (Arica), 45(3), 387-410.
Parameterisation of incoming longwave radiation over glacier surfaces in the semiarid Andes of Chile.
MacDonell, S., Nicholson, L., & Kinnard, C.
A good understanding of radiation fluxes is important for calculating energy, and hence, mass exchange at glacier surfaces. This study evaluates incoming longwave radiation measured at two nearby glacier stations in the high Andes of the Norte Chico region of Chile. These data are the first published records of atmospheric longwave radiation measurements in this region. Nine previously published optimised parameterisations for clear sky emissivity all produced results with a root mean square error (RMSE) ~20 W m−2 and bias within ±5 W m−2, which is inline with findings from other regions. Six optimised parameterisations for incoming longwave in all sky conditions were trialled for application to this site, five of which performed comparably well with RMSE on daytime data <18 W m−2 and bias within ±6 W m−2 when applied to the optimisation site and RMSE <20 W m−2 and bias within ±10 W m−2 when applied to the validation site. The parameterisation proposed by Mölg et al. (J Glaciol 55:292-302, 2009) was selected for use in this region. Incorporating the proposed elevation modification into the equation reduced the bias in the modelled incoming longwave radiation for the validation site. It was found that applying the parameterisation optimised in the original work at Kilimanjaro produced good results at both the primary and validation site in this study, suggesting that this formulation may be robust for different high mountain regions.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves:
Referencia APA: MacDonell, S., Nicholson, L., & Kinnard, C. (2013). Parameterisation of incoming longwave radiation over glacier surfaces in the semiarid Andes of Chile. Theoretical And Applied Climatology, 111(3-4), 513-528.
Ecophysiological constraints on the larvae of Pleuroncodes monodon and the implications for its reproductive strategy in poorly oxygenated waters of the Chile-Peru undercurrent.
Yannicelli, B. & Castro, L.
Pleuroncodes monodon is a conspicuous component of the Humboldt Current ecosystem. Benthic adults south of ∼22°S are associated with low temperature (T) ∼11°C and low dissolved oxygen (DO) (<0.5 mL L−1) waters during the hatching period. Because P. mondon inhabits an oxygen minimum zone and larval release is assumed to match most favorable environmental conditions, larval performance under cold hypoxic conditions and its implications have not yet been assessed experimentally. We quantitatively assessed the effect of DO and T within environmental ranges, and initial starvation on survival, developmental time, and growth of P. monodon zoeae. Molting success from zoea I to zoea II was significantly and positively dependent on DO rearing levels. Age at molting was a negative power function of oxygen concentration. Initial exposure to low DO increased larval mortality by 3% per day of exposure. After ∼4 and ∼1.5 days of starvation after birth under normoxia and hypoxia, respectively, 50% of larvae failed to molt to zoea II. Rearing in 1 mL L−1 DO produced 50% lighter larvae after molting into zoea II. Mortality of larvae reared at 11°C was 40% higher than that at 15 and 20°C. Functions for development time and growth negative/positive dependence on temperature were also fitted. Pleuroncodes monodon zoea I are highly tolerant of low oxygen when compared with other crustacean. Nevertheless, DO and T conditions during hatching season are suboptimal for development. Early larval survival as an ultimate cause of reproductive/environmental coupling in this case should be critically revised.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves: Developmental time, growth, hypoxia, Pleuroncodes monodon, point-of-no-return, survival, temperature.
Referencia APA: Yannicelli, B. & Castro, L. (2013). Ecophysiological constraints on the larvae of Pleuroncodes monodon and the implications for its reproductive strategy in poorly oxygenated waters of the Chile-Peru undercurrent. Journal Of Plankton Research, 35(3), 566-581.
Linking human activity and ecosystem condition to inform marine ecosystem based management.
Menzel, S., Kappel, C., Broitman, B., Micheli, F., & Rosenberg, A.
There is growing consensus that integrated marine management is needed. However, implementation of ecosystem-based management (EBM) faces major operational challenges, including accurately delineating the links between ecosystem components and benefits to humans, and quantifying trade-offs associated with different management decisions.
It is suggested using human activity level as an indicator of the benefit provided by marine ecosystems at a certain location in comparison with other locations and establishing links between human activity levels and ecological conditions.
This approach allows for the determination of what ecological conditions may provide the greatest human benefits and thus may be targets for management action.
This approach is used to investigate the link between scuba diving in the Monterey Bay area, California, USA, and different ecological characteristics of kelp forests. Diving intensity levels correlate with kelp persistence, suggesting that kelp persistence may be used as an indicator of benefits from diving and for evaluating the impact of potentially competing activities through their effects on kelp.
Overall, an operational definition of marine ecosystem services is provided and it is suggested that this method could be extended to a suite of different activities and systems and thus may become useful in considering trade-offs among different activities that depend upon the same ecosystem.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves: Ecosystem services; natural resource management; ecological indicators; Monterey Bay; California; kelp forest ecosystem; scuba diving; ecological production function; human benefits from ecosystems.
Referencia APA: Menzel, S., Kappel, C., Broitman, B., Micheli, F., & Rosenberg, A. (2013). Linking human activity and ecosystem condition to inform marine ecosystem based management. Aquatic Conserv: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst., 23(4), 506-514.
The response of leaf respiration to water stress in Nothofagus species.
Sanhueza, C., Bascunan-Godoy, L., Corcuera, L., & Turnbull, M.
Nothofagus solandri is regarded as more tolerant to drought than Nothofagus menziesii in the field. However, the physiology of responses to water limitation in these species is not well understood. In this study, the thermal sensitivity of leaf respiration and its underlying metabolism in response to drought were investigated in mature trees and saplings. Respiration (R d) and photosynthesis (A max) were measured during drying and re-wetting cycles. In addition, respiratory pathway changes were evaluated by oxygen isotope fractionation and protein analyses. Under drought treatment in the glasshouse, both species showed similar photosynthetic performance, but under mild water stress N. solandri was able to increase A max. Under moderate water deficit (around −2 MPa), N. solandri increased respiration at a base temperature of 10°C (R 10) but then decreased it to initial values after re-watering. In N. menziesii, R 10 did not respond significantly to water-stress treatment. The temperature sensitivity of R d (Q 10 and E o) was unchanged for both species during the gradual deficit water treatment in the glasshouse. Although respiratory electron flow was mainly via the cytochrome pathway under all conditions, an increase in alternative oxidase/cytochrome oxidase protein content suggests that the alternative pathway is involved in modulating respiratory metabolism during the recovery after drought.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves: Alternative oxidase, cytochrome oxidase, drought, metabolism, New Zealand, trees.
Referencia APA: Sanhueza, C., Bascunan-Godoy, L., Corcuera, L., & Turnbull, M. (2013). The response of leaf respiration to water stress in Nothofagus species. New Zealand Journal Of Botany, 51(2), 88-103.
Analysis of benthic macroinvertebrates and biotic indices to evaluate water quality in rivers impacted by mining activities in northern Chile.
Alvial, I., Tapia, D., Castro, M., Duran, B., & Verdugo, C.
Catchments in the semiarid regions are especially susceptible to environmental perturbation associated with water scarcity, hydrological variations and overuse by anthropogenic activities. Using multivariate analysis to relate environmental and biological data, and diversity and biotic indices (ChBMWP, ChIBF), we analyzed the macroinvertebrate composition of 12 rivers of the semiarid region of northern Chile. A non-metric multidimensional scaling for macroinvertebrate taxa and a principal component analysis for environmental variables strongly separated upstream sites (e.g. Vacas Heladas and Malo Rivers), which presented low pH and high dissolved metal concentrations, from other sites. Effectively, CCA showed that metals and low pH, associated with the altitudinal gradient, determined the distributional patterns of macroinvertebrates in the Elqui catchment. The causes of these particular conditions could be related to geological processes and human impact. The biotic indices applied to the sampling sites corroborated and reflected these characteristics, with La Laguna and Turbio Rivers showing a diverse macroinvertebrate community and moderate to good water quality, and the Claro River showing favorable conditions for the development of aquatic biota, indicating its better quality relative to other stations. To the middle and low part of the basin, a change in the composition of the community was observed, with species that suggest an impact by an increase in organic matter, due to agricultural activities and urban settlements concentrated in this area. Our results suggest that macroinvertebrate taxa in northern Chile may be exceptional species, adapted to unfavorable geochemical conditions, and emphasize the need for protection of the semiarid basins of the region.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves: macro-invertebrates / biotic indices / multivariate analysis / semiarid region
Referencia APA: Alvial, I., Tapia, D., Castro, M., Duran, B., & Verdugo, C. (2013). Analysis of benthic macroinvertebrates and biotic indices to evaluate water quality in rivers impacted by mining activities in northern Chile. Knowledge And Management Of Aquatic Ecosystems, (407), 01.