CEAZA
How does spatial variability of climate affect catchment streamflow predictions?.
Patil, S., Wigington, P., Leibowitz, S., Sproles, E., & Comeleo, R.
Spatial variability of climate can negatively affect catchment streamflow predictions if it is not explicitly accounted for in hydrologic models. In this paper, we examine the changes in streamflow predictability when a hydrologic model is run with spatially variable (distributed) meteorological inputs instead of spatially uniform (lumped) meteorological inputs. Both lumped and distributed versions of the EXP-HYDRO model are implemented at 41 meso-scale (500–5000 km2) catchments in the Pacific Northwest region of USA. We use two complementary metrics of long-term spatial climate variability, moisture homogeneity index (IM) and temperature variability index (ITV), to analyze the performance improvement with distributed model. Results show that the distributed model performs better than the lumped model in 38 out of 41 catchments, and noticeably better (>10% improvement) in 13 catchments. Furthermore, spatial variability of moisture distribution alone is insufficient to explain the observed patterns of model performance improvement. For catchments with low moisture homogeneity (IM < 80%), IM is a better predictor of model performance improvement than ITV; whereas for catchments with high moisture homogeneity (IM > 80%), ITV is a better predictor of performance improvement than IM. Based on the results, we conclude that: (1) catchments that have low homogeneity of moisture distribution are the obvious candidates for using spatially distributed meteorological inputs, and (2) catchments with a homogeneous moisture distribution benefit from spatially distributed meteorological inputs if they also have high spatial variability of precipitation phase (rain vs. snow).
Año: 2014
Palabras claves: Hydrologic model; Climate variability; Streamflow; Catchment.
Referencia APA: Patil, S., Wigington, P., Leibowitz, S., Sproles, E., & Comeleo, R. (2014). How does spatial variability of climate affect catchment streamflow predictions?. Journal Of Hydrology, 517, 135-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.017
Environmental and climatic changes in central Chilean Patagonia since the Late Glacial (Mallín El Embudo, 44° S).
de Porras, M., Maldonado, A., Quintana, F., Martel-Cea, A., Reyes, O., & Méndez, C.
Multi-millennial environmental and climatic changes in central Chilean Patagonia (44–49° S) during the Last Glacial–Interglacial cycle have been of particular interest as changes in the position and strength of the southern westerlies are the major forcing factor conditioning the environmental dynamics. Recent attempts to reconstruct regional environmental and climatic signals from central Chilean Patagonia reveal some discrepancies and unclear issues among the records. This paper presents the 13 ka pollen and charcoal records from Mallín El Embudo (44° 40' S, 71° 42' W) located in the deciduous Nothofagus forest in the middle Río Cisnes valley. The paper aims to (1) establish the timing and magnitude of local vegetation changes and fire activity since the Late Glacial and (2) integrate these results at the regional scale in order to discuss the discrepancies and depict the environmental and climatic dynamics in central Chilean Patagonia since the Late Glacial. Open landscapes dominated by grasses associated with scattered Nothofagus forest patches dominated the middle Río Cisnes valley between 13 and 11.2 ka suggesting low effective moisture but also indicating that landscape configuration after glacial retreat was still ongoing. At 11.2 ka, the sudden development of an open and quite dynamic Nothofagus forest probably associated with the synchronous high fire activity occurred, suggesting a rise in effective moisture associated with dry summers. Since 9.5 ka, the record reflects the presence of a closed Nothofagus forest related to higher effective moisture conditions than before combined with moderate dry summers that may have triggered a high frequency of low-magnitude crown fires that did not severely affect the forest. The forest experienced a slight canopy opening after 5.7 ka, probably due to slightly drier conditions than before followed by a sudden change to open forest conditions around 4.2 ka associated with fire and volcanic disturbances. Around 2 ka, the recovery of a closed Nothofagus forest related to slightly wetter conditions (similar to present) occurred and persisted under highly variable climatic conditions up to 0.1 ka when massive forest burning and logging due to European settlements occurred. Central Chilean Patagonian climatic and environmental changes at millennial–centennial timescales since the Late Glacial were driven by changes in the southern westerlies latitudinal position and/or intensity, but during the late Holocene fire, volcanism and humans arose as forces contributing to environmental dynamics.
Año: 2014
Palabras claves:
Referencia APA: de Porras, M., Maldonado, A., Quintana, F., Martel-Cea, A., Reyes, O., & Méndez, C. (2014). Environmental and climatic changes in central Chilean Patagonia since the Late Glacial (Mallín El Embudo, 44° S). Climate Of The Past, 10(3), 1063-1078.
Induced twining in Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth.: response threshold and induction by volatiles and snail damage.
Atala, C., Quilodrán, M., & Molina-montenegro, M.
Twining in some Convolvulaceae can be induced by leaf damage and jasmonic acid application. This induced response is believed to reduce the likelihood of future leaf damage and it is limited by drought. This response has been detected in the Convolvulaceae family using artificial damage. The mechanisms and ecological implications of this response are still unknown. In this study was tested if the induced twining requires a threshold level and if it is induced by volatiles and/or by snail damage. Three separated greenhouse experiments were conducted in order to test the induced twining in Ipomoea purpurea (Convolvulaceae) by applying different levels of artificial damage (0, 1, 5, 10 perforations to the leaves), volatiles (ground leaves) and natural damage by snails. Plants receiving the two higher damage levels twined faster than the individuals exposed to the two lower damage levels. Plants exposed to grounded leaves (volatiles) twined faster than control plants. Finally, twining was induced by snail damage more than in undamaged plants. Most growth traits did not change in any treatment. Twining in I. pupurea can be induced by artificial or natural damage, and also by volatiles emitted by damaged leaves of neighbor plants, making the induced twining an ecologically relevant response.
Año: 2014
Palabras claves: Induced twining, Ipomoea purpurea, Convolvulaceae, induced responses, herbivory.
Referencia APA: Atala, C., Quilodrán, M., & Molina-montenegro, M. (2014). Induced twining in Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth.: response threshold and induction by volatiles and snail damage. Gayana Bot., 71(2), 181-187.
Hydrologic landscape classification assesses streamflow vulnerability to climate change in Oregon, USA.
Leibowitz, S., Comeleo, R., Wigington, P., Weaver, C., Morefield, P., Sproles, E., & Ebersole, J.
Classification can allow for evaluations of the hydrologic functions of landscapes and their responses to stressors. Here we demonstrate the use of a hydrologic landscape (HL) approach to evaluate vulnerability to potential future climate change at statewide and basin scales in the state of Oregon. The HL classification has five components: climate, seasonality, aquifer permeability, terrain, and soil permeability. We evaluate changes when the 1971–2000 HL climate indices are recalculated using 2041–2070 simulation results from the ECHAM (European Centre HAMburg) and PCM (Parallel Climate Model) climate models with the A2, A1b, and B1 emission scenarios. Changes in climate class were modest (4–18%) statewide. However, there were major changes in seasonality class for five of the six realizations (excluding PCM_B1): Oregon shifts from being 13% snow-dominated to 4–6% snow-dominated under these five realizations, representing a 56–68% reduction in snowmelt-dominated area. At the basin scale, simulated changes for the Siletz Basin, in Oregon's Coast Range, include a small switch from very wet to wet climate, with no change in seasonality. However, there is a modest increase in fall and winter water due to increased precipitation. For the Sandy Basin, on the western slope of the Cascades, HL climate class does not change, but there are major changes in seasonality, especially for areas with low aquifer permeability, which experiences a 100% loss of spring seasonality. This would reduce summer baseflow, but effects could potentially be mitigated by streamflow buffering effects provided by groundwater in the high aquifer permeability portions of the upper Sandy. The Middle Fork John Day Basin (MFJD), in northeastern Oregon, is snowmelt-dominated. The basin experiences a net loss of wet and moist climate area, along with an increase in dry climate area. The MFJD also experiences major shifts from spring to winter seasonality, representing a 20–60% reduction in snowmelt-dominated area. Altered seasonality and/or magnitude of seasonal streamflows could potentially affect survival, growth and reproduction of salmonids in these watersheds, with the greatest effects projected for the MFJD. A major strength of the HL approach is that results can be applied to similarly classified, ungaged basins. Information resulting from such evaluations can help inform management responses to climate change at regional and basin scales without requiring detailed modeling efforts.
Año: 2014
Palabras claves:
Referencia APA: Leibowitz, S., Comeleo, R., Wigington, P., Weaver, C., Morefield, P., Sproles, E., & Ebersole, J. (2014). Hydrologic landscape classification evaluates streamflow vulnerability to climate change in Oregon, USA. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 18(9), 3367-3392.
Assessing the importance of human activities for the establishment of the invasive Poa annua in Antarctica.
Molina-Montenegro, M., Carrasco-Urra, F., Acuña-Rodríguez, I., Oses, R., Torres-Díaz, C., & Chwedorzewska, K.
Because of its harsh environmental conditions and remoteness, Antarctica is often considered to be at low risk of plant invasion. However, an increasing number of reports have shown the presence and spread of non-native plants in Antarctica; it is therefore important to study which factors control the invasion process in this ecosystem. Here, we assessed the role of different human activities on the presence and abundance of the invasive Poa annua. In addition, we performed a reciprocal transplant experiment in the field, and a manipulative experiment of germination with P. annua and the natives Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica, in order to unravel the effects of physical soil disturbance on the establishment and survival of P. annua. We found a positive correlation between abundance of P. annua and level of soil disturbance, and that survival of P. annua was 33% higher in sites with disturbed soil than non-disturbed. Finally, we found that disturbance conditions increased germination for P. annua, whereas for native species germination in experimentally disturbed soil was either unchanged or reduced compared to undisturbed soil. Our results indicate that human activities that modify abiotic soil characteristics could play an important role in the abundance of this invasive species. If the current patterns of human activities are maintained in Antarctica, the establishment success and spread of P. annua could increase, negatively affecting native flora.
Año: 2014
Palabras claves: Alien species; Colobanthus quitensis; Deschampsia antarctica; human disturbance; Poa annua; tourists.
Referencia APA: Molina-Montenegro, M., Carrasco-Urra, F., Acuña-Rodríguez, I., Oses, R., Torres-Díaz, C., & Chwedorzewska, K. (2014). Assessing the importance of human activities for the establishment of the invasive Poa annua in Antarctica. Polar Research, 33(0).
Hydrochemical and isotopic patterns in a calc-alkaline Cu- and Au-rich arid Andean basin: The Elqui River watershed, North Central Chile.
Oyarzún, J., Carvajal, M., Maturana, H., Núñez, J., Kretschmer, N., & Amezaga, Röttingd, T.S., Strauche, G., Thynef, G., Oyarzún,R.
The geochemistry of surface water and groundwater from the Elqui River basin, North-Central Chile, was studied in spring 2007 and fall 2008 to obtain a general understanding of the factors and mechanisms controlling the water chemistry of steep rivers located in mineral-rich, arid to semi arid zones. Besides its uniform intermediate igneous lithology, this basin is known for acid drainage and high As contents in the El Indio Au–Cu–As district, in its Andean head. Abundant tailings deposits are present in the middle part of the basin, where agricultural activities are important. According to the results, the chemical and isotopic composition of the Elqui basin surface water and groundwater is related to uniform calc-alkaline lithology and the major polluting system of the chemically reactive, but closed El Indio mining district. The resulting compositional imprints in surface and ground-water are, (a) high SO4 levels, reaching about 1000 mg/L in the Toro River water, directly draining the mining area; (b) a major depletion of Fe and pollutant metals in surface water after the confluence of the Toro and La Laguna rivers; (c) similar chemical composition of surface and ground-waters that differ in H and O isotopic composition, reflecting the effect of differential evaporation processes downstream of the Puclaro dam; and (d) seasonal variations of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in surface water. In contrast, the groundwater chemistry exhibits moderate seasonal changes, mainly in View the MathML source content. In spite of the acid drainage pollution, water quality is adequate for human consumption and irrigation. This is a consequence of both the dominant calc-alkaline lithology and the existing arid climate, resulting in neutral to moderately alkaline pH values that are responsible for the precipitation of metal hydroxides and As sorption by Fe(OH)3.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves:
Referencia APA: Oyarzún, J., Carvajal, M., Maturana, H., Núñez, J., Kretschmer, N., & Amezaga, Röttingd, T.S., Strauche, G., Thynef, G., Oyarzún, R. (2013). Hydrochemical and isotopic patterns in a calc-alkaline Cu- and Au-rich arid Andean basin: The Elqui River watershed, North Central Chile. Applied Geochemistry, 33, 50-63.
Metabolic responses of the squat lobster (Pleuroncodes monodon) larvae to low oxygen concentration.
Yannicelli, B., Paschke, K., González, R., & Castro, L.
Squat lobster populations found in the Humboldt Current System over the continental shelf from ~28 to 37°S release pelagic larvae in sub-surface cold (~11 °C) hypoxic waters. Larvae subsequently spread throughout the water column encountering both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. We analyzed some short- and long-term responses of Pleuroncodes monodon larval metabolism to hypoxia at 11 °C. Routine and postprandial aerobic respiration rates were lower in hypoxia than in normoxia for all zoeal stages. Zoea V oxyconformed, while megalopae oxyregulated down to very low oxygen concentrations. Throughout zoea I development, the rate of nitrogen (protein) accumulation in zoea I was lower, and C:N ratios were higher under hypoxic conditions than in normoxia. Citrate synthase (CS) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) apparent specific activities (as indicators of aerobic and metabolic potentials, respectively) decreased and remained at the same level, respectively, throughout zoea I reared under hypoxic conditions. Anaerobic to aerobic potential (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)/CS) was higher in organisms reared under hypoxia, and MDH/LDH potential ratios were characteristic of organisms tolerant to hypoxia. In spite of P. monodon zoea endurance and metabolic adaptations to decreasing oxygen tensions, intense hypoxia as such of their release site would affect their overall condition especially toward the end of the molt cycle. Our results indicate the importance of considering the interaction between environmental oxygen variability and recruitment success.
Communicated by H.-O. Portner.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves:
Referencia APA: Yannicelli, B., Paschke, K., González, R., & Castro, L. (2013). Metabolic responses of the squat lobster (Pleuroncodes monodon) larvae to low oxygen concentration. Marine Biology, 160(4), 961-976
Spatial niche differentiation and coexistence at the edge: co-occurrence distribution patterns in Scurria limpets.
Aguilera, M., Valdivia, N., & Broitman, B.
Examining the co-occurrence of taxonomically similar species can provide important information about their niches and coexistence. Segregation at smaller scales can be especially relevant for grazers living at the edge of their geographic distribution, because environmental factors can lead to similar distribution. Related grazer species may show dispersive, i.e. uniform, distribution at small scales (few centimetres) to reduce interference among individuals. We examined intra- and interspecific spatial distribution and habitat use in 2 phylogenetically related intertidal limpets, Scurria viridula and S. zebrina, at the polar and equatorial edge of their geographic distribution, respectively, and in S. araucana, a widely distributed species that overlaps the range of the other 2 species across the southeastern Pacific. S. viridula and S. zebrina overlapped in a narrow geographic zone (ca. 250 km) and reached relatively similar densities and sizes. Intraspecific spatial structure estimated through autocorrelation and individual-to-individual distances was random for S. viridula and variable for S. zebrina and S. araucana, depending on the scale considered; S. zebrina was aggregated at the individual-to-individual distances, while S. araucana was mostly random at this scale. Segregated distribution between S. viridula and S. zebrina was observed at the finer scale, whereas the association with S. araucana was random. Abundance of limpets loosely followed major habitats, namely bare rock and the alga Mazzaella laminarioides, which showed patchy distributions. We suggests that similarity in population traits between S. viridula and S. zebrina found in the overlap zone may be compensated by small-scale spatial segregation. Thus, at the edge of their geographic distribution, coexistence between related species may be influenced by spatial niche differentiation driven by habitat suitability or competition.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves: Coexistence, Geographic edge, Grazers, Habitat type, Niche partitioning, Nearest neighbour, Spatial autocorrelation.
Referencia APA: Aguilera, M., Valdivia, N., & Broitman, B. (2013). Spatial niche differentiation and coexistence at the edge: co-occurrence distribution patterns in Scurria limpets. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 483, 185-198.
Condiciones paleovegetacionales y asentamientos humanos durante el formativo temprano: análisis de polen del sitio Tulán-85 (1.530/1.260-460/420 años cal. a.c.), cuenca del Salar de Atacama.
González-Silvestre, L., Maldonado, A., Núñez, L., Cartajena, I., Carrasco, C., & de Souza, P.
Se presenta el análisis polínico obtenido de una columna estratigráfica que cubre toda la secuencia ocupacional del asentamiento formativo temprano Tulán-85 localizado al sureste del salar de Atacama fechado entre los 1.530-1.260 a 460-420 cal. a.C. Se concluye que es posible diferenciar mediante el polen actual tres pisos altitudinales de vegetación, al tanto que la comparación de las muestras fósiles con aquellas actuales sugieren condiciones de mayor humedad en la base de la secuencia, al comienzo de la fase Tilocalar (1.530-1.260 cal. a.C.). En los niveles medios comienzan los eventos áridos, identificándose al final de la columna los mayores indicadores de aridez. Los antecedentes paleoclimáticos de la alta puna señalan que las ocupaciones pastoralistas de la fase Tilocalar son sincrónicas con el establecimiento de condiciones más húmedas, lo que es concordante con los resultados del análisis polínico. Estas habrían repercutido favorablemente en las ocupaciones pastoralistas en los pisos inferiores. Es importante destacar la identificación de eventos de aridez hacia el final de la ocupación, los que no habían sido descritos con anterioridad para el área de estudio.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves: Formativo Temprano, polen fósil, condiciones húmedas, eventos áridos, salar de Atacama.
Referencia APA: González-Silvestre, L., Maldonado, A., Núñez, L., Cartajena, I., Carrasco, C., & de Souza, P. (2013). Condiciones paleovegetacionales y asentamientos humanos durante el formativo temprano: análisis de polen del sitio Tulán-85 (1.530/1.260-460/420 años cal. a.c.), cuenca del Salar de Atacama. Chungará (Arica), 45(3), 387-410.
Parameterisation of incoming longwave radiation over glacier surfaces in the semiarid Andes of Chile.
MacDonell, S., Nicholson, L., & Kinnard, C.
A good understanding of radiation fluxes is important for calculating energy, and hence, mass exchange at glacier surfaces. This study evaluates incoming longwave radiation measured at two nearby glacier stations in the high Andes of the Norte Chico region of Chile. These data are the first published records of atmospheric longwave radiation measurements in this region. Nine previously published optimised parameterisations for clear sky emissivity all produced results with a root mean square error (RMSE) ~20 W m−2 and bias within ±5 W m−2, which is inline with findings from other regions. Six optimised parameterisations for incoming longwave in all sky conditions were trialled for application to this site, five of which performed comparably well with RMSE on daytime data <18 W m−2 and bias within ±6 W m−2 when applied to the optimisation site and RMSE <20 W m−2 and bias within ±10 W m−2 when applied to the validation site. The parameterisation proposed by Mölg et al. (J Glaciol 55:292-302, 2009) was selected for use in this region. Incorporating the proposed elevation modification into the equation reduced the bias in the modelled incoming longwave radiation for the validation site. It was found that applying the parameterisation optimised in the original work at Kilimanjaro produced good results at both the primary and validation site in this study, suggesting that this formulation may be robust for different high mountain regions.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves:
Referencia APA: MacDonell, S., Nicholson, L., & Kinnard, C. (2013). Parameterisation of incoming longwave radiation over glacier surfaces in the semiarid Andes of Chile. Theoretical And Applied Climatology, 111(3-4), 513-528.
Ecophysiological constraints on the larvae of Pleuroncodes monodon and the implications for its reproductive strategy in poorly oxygenated waters of the Chile-Peru undercurrent.
Yannicelli, B. & Castro, L.
Pleuroncodes monodon is a conspicuous component of the Humboldt Current ecosystem. Benthic adults south of ∼22°S are associated with low temperature (T) ∼11°C and low dissolved oxygen (DO) (<0.5 mL L−1) waters during the hatching period. Because P. mondon inhabits an oxygen minimum zone and larval release is assumed to match most favorable environmental conditions, larval performance under cold hypoxic conditions and its implications have not yet been assessed experimentally. We quantitatively assessed the effect of DO and T within environmental ranges, and initial starvation on survival, developmental time, and growth of P. monodon zoeae. Molting success from zoea I to zoea II was significantly and positively dependent on DO rearing levels. Age at molting was a negative power function of oxygen concentration. Initial exposure to low DO increased larval mortality by 3% per day of exposure. After ∼4 and ∼1.5 days of starvation after birth under normoxia and hypoxia, respectively, 50% of larvae failed to molt to zoea II. Rearing in 1 mL L−1 DO produced 50% lighter larvae after molting into zoea II. Mortality of larvae reared at 11°C was 40% higher than that at 15 and 20°C. Functions for development time and growth negative/positive dependence on temperature were also fitted. Pleuroncodes monodon zoea I are highly tolerant of low oxygen when compared with other crustacean. Nevertheless, DO and T conditions during hatching season are suboptimal for development. Early larval survival as an ultimate cause of reproductive/environmental coupling in this case should be critically revised.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves: Developmental time, growth, hypoxia, Pleuroncodes monodon, point-of-no-return, survival, temperature.
Referencia APA: Yannicelli, B. & Castro, L. (2013). Ecophysiological constraints on the larvae of Pleuroncodes monodon and the implications for its reproductive strategy in poorly oxygenated waters of the Chile-Peru undercurrent. Journal Of Plankton Research, 35(3), 566-581.
Linking human activity and ecosystem condition to inform marine ecosystem based management.
Menzel, S., Kappel, C., Broitman, B., Micheli, F., & Rosenberg, A.
There is growing consensus that integrated marine management is needed. However, implementation of ecosystem-based management (EBM) faces major operational challenges, including accurately delineating the links between ecosystem components and benefits to humans, and quantifying trade-offs associated with different management decisions.
It is suggested using human activity level as an indicator of the benefit provided by marine ecosystems at a certain location in comparison with other locations and establishing links between human activity levels and ecological conditions.
This approach allows for the determination of what ecological conditions may provide the greatest human benefits and thus may be targets for management action.
This approach is used to investigate the link between scuba diving in the Monterey Bay area, California, USA, and different ecological characteristics of kelp forests. Diving intensity levels correlate with kelp persistence, suggesting that kelp persistence may be used as an indicator of benefits from diving and for evaluating the impact of potentially competing activities through their effects on kelp.
Overall, an operational definition of marine ecosystem services is provided and it is suggested that this method could be extended to a suite of different activities and systems and thus may become useful in considering trade-offs among different activities that depend upon the same ecosystem.
Año: 2013
Palabras claves: Ecosystem services; natural resource management; ecological indicators; Monterey Bay; California; kelp forest ecosystem; scuba diving; ecological production function; human benefits from ecosystems.
Referencia APA: Menzel, S., Kappel, C., Broitman, B., Micheli, F., & Rosenberg, A. (2013). Linking human activity and ecosystem condition to inform marine ecosystem based management. Aquatic Conserv: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst., 23(4), 506-514.